Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation (ص 57)

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عنوان

Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation (ص 57)

المحتوى

tremendous fiscal pressures on the treasury of the Ottoman state. This
era, most scholars agree, marked the beginning of the decline and
collapse of the Ottoman Empire (Barakat,1985; Owen,1981).
The Ottoman state's failure to generate sufficient surplus revenue
to cover its expenses intensified its economic and political
vulnerability to Western imperialist interests which, in turn, had
already begun to expand towards the Ottoman Empire. At the
international level, the Ottoman state dealt with its decline by
resorting to both governmental and individual capitalists for
financial aid, accumulating substantial indebtedness in the process.
At the local or national level, the state response to these
economic and political pressures was manifested in yet further state
intervention in the prevailing land tenure system. New legal and
political measures, aimed at increasing the extraction of surplus
revenue from the direct producers, were implemented. Most notable
amongst such measures were the 1856 "Ottoman Land Code" and the 1876
"Ottoman Land Law" which will be analysed in the next chapter. The
second half o£ the nineteenth century marked the beginning of the
process of capitalist transformation in various parts of the Empire.
This era recalls Marx's discussion of "so-called primitive
accumulation" used in understanding the historical genesis of
capitalist development in England (Marx, 1977).
In the "So-Called Primitive Accumulation," Marx lays out the
various mechanisms involved in this process. He draws attention
especially to "...the fraudulent alienation of the state domains, the
robbery of the common lands, the usurpation of feudal and clan
property, and its transformation into modern private property under
circumstances of reckless terrorism." All these, according to Marx,
43
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Colonial Capitalism and Rural Class Formation

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المنشئ

Nahla Abdo-Zubi

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Theses رسائل ماجستير ودكتوراه